• A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update

  December 2020

  Daniel Lopresti and Shashi Shekhar

  For citation use: Lopresti D. & Shekhar S. (2020) A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

The following are an Intelligent Infrastructure 2017 white paper series in collaboration with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Heads Association (ECEDHA).

• A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure

  March 2017

  Elizabeth Mynatt, Jennifer Clark, Greg Hager, Dan Lopresti, Greg Morrisett, Klara Nahrstedt,
  George Pappas, Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, Helen Wright, and Ben Zorn

  For citation use: Mynatt E., Clark J., Hager G., Lopresti D., Morrisett G., Narhstedt K., Pappas G., Patel S., Rexford J., Wright H., & Zorn B. (2017) A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• MOBILITY21: Strategic Investments for Transportation Infrastructure & Technology

  March 2017

  Rahul Mangharam, Megan Reyerson, Steve Viscelli, Hamsa Balakrishanan, Alexandre Bayen, Surabh Amin, Leslie Richards, Leo Bagley, and George Pappas

  For citation use: Mangharam R., Reyerson M., Viscelli S., Balakrishanan H., Bayen A., Amin S., Richards L., Bagley L., & Pappas G. (2017) MOBILITY21: Strategic Investments for Transportation Infrastructure & Technology. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Digital Grid: Transforming the Electric Power Grid into an Innovation Engine for the United States

  March 2017

  Aranya Chakrabortty and Alex Huang

  For citation use: Chakrabortty A. & Huang A. (2017) Digital Grid: Transforming the Electric Power Grid into an Innovation Engine for the United States. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Research Agenda in Intelligent Infrastructure to Enhance Disaster Management, Community Resilience and Public Safety

  March 2017

  Michael Dunaway, Robin Murphy, Nalini Venkatasubramanian, Leysia Palen, and Daniel Lopresti

  For citation use: Dunaway M., Murphy R., Venkatasubramanian N., Palen L., & Lopresti D. (2017) Research Agenda in Intelligent Infrastructure to Enhance Disaster Management, Community Resilience and Public Safety. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• City Scale Intelligent Systems and Platforms

  March 2017

  Klara Nahrstedt, Christos G. Cassandras, and Charlie Catlett

  For citation use: Nahrstedt K., Cassandras C., & Catlett C. (2017) City-Scale Intelligent Systems and Platforms. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Intelligent Infrastructure for Smart Agriculture: An Integrated Food, Energy and Water System

  March 2017

  Shashi Shekhar, Joe Colletti, Francisco Muñoz-Arriola, Lakshmish Ramaswamy, Chandra Krintz, Lav Varshney, and Debra Richardson

  For citation use: Shekhar S., Colletti J., Muñoz-Arriola F., Ramaswamy L., Krintz C., Varshney L., & Richardson D. (2017) Intelligent Infrastructure for Smart Agriculture: An Integrated Food, Energy and Water System. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Safety and Security for Intelligent Infrastructure

  March 2017

  Kevin Fu, Ann Drobnis, Greg Morrisett, Elizabeth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, Radha Poovendran, and Ben Zorn

  For citation use: Fu K., Drobnis A., Morrisett G., Mynatt E., Patel S., Poovendran R., & Zorn B. (2017) Safety and Security for Intelligent Infrastructure. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• A Rural Lens on a Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure

  May 2017

  Ellen Zegura, Beki Grinter, Elizabeth Belding, and Klara Nahrstedt

  For citation use: Zegura E., Grinter B., Belding E., Nahrstedt K. (2017) A Rural Lens on a Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Privacy in Information-Rich Intelligent Infrastructure

  June 2017

  Cynthia Dwork and George J. Pappas

  For citation use: Dwork C. & Pappas G.J. (2017) Privacy in Information-Rich Intelligent Infrastructure. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Smart Wireless Communication is the Cornerstone of Smart Infrastructures

  June 2017

  Mary Ann Weitnauer, Jennifer Rexford, Nicholas Laneman, Matthieu Bloch, Santiago Griljava, Catherine Ross, and Gee-Kung Chang

  For citation use: Weitnauer M. A., Laneman N., Bloch M., Griljava S., Ross C., & Chang G. (2017) Smart Wireless Communication is the Cornerstone of Smart Infrastructures. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

With collaboration from ECEDHA

• Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems

  June 24, 2015

  Gregory D. Hager, Daniela Rus, Vijay Kumar, and Henrik Christensen

  For citation use: Hager G. D., Rus D., Kumar V., & Christensen H. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Aerial Earth Science

  June 24, 2015

  M. Ani Hsieh, Srikanth Saripalli, Gaurav Sukhatme, and Vijay Kumar

  For citation use: Hseih M. A., Saripalli S., Sukhatme G., & Kumar V. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Aerial Earth Science: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Construction

  June 24, 2015

  Miroslaw Skibniewski and Mani Golparvar-Fard

  For citation use: Skibniewski M. & Golparvar-Fard M. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Construction: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Defense

  June 24, 2015

  Ronald C. Arkin and Gaurav S. Sukhatme

  For citation use: Arkin R. & Sukhatme G. S. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Defense: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Disaster

  June 24, 2015

  Robin Murphy

  For citation use: Murphy R. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Disaster: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Healthcare

  June 29, 2015

  Gregory D. Hager and Eric Horvitz

  For citation use: Hager G. D. & Horvitz E. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Healthcare: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Paths Toward Autonomy

  June 30, 2015

  Pieter Abbeel, Ken Goldberg, Gregory Hager, and Julie Shah

  For citation use: Abbeel P., Goldberg K., Hager G., & Shah J. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Paths Toward Autonomy: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Service

  June 24, 2015

  Peter Allen and Henrik I. Christensen

  For citation use: Allen P. & Christensen H. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Service: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Transportation

  June 24, 2015

  Daniel Lee and Sebastian Pokutta

  For citation use: Lee D. & Pokutta S. (2015). Toward a Science of Autonomy for Physical Systems: Transportation: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• From Data to Knowledge to Action: A Global Enabler for the 21st Century

  September 11, 2010

  Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research and Tom Mitchell, Carnegie Mellon University

  For citation use: Horvitz E. & Mitchell T. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: A Global Enabler for the 21^st Century: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling the Smart Grid

  September 21, 2010

  Randal E. Bryant, Carnegie Mellon University, Randy H. Katz, UC Berkeley, Chase Hensel, Computing Research Association and Erwin P. Gianchandani, Computing Research Association

  For citation use: Bryant R. E., Katz R. H., Hensel C., & Gianchandani E. P. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling the Smart Grid: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling Evidence-Based Healthcare

  September 16, 2010

  Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research

  For citation use: Horvitz E. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling Evidence-Based Healthcare: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling a Revolution in New Transportation

  September 11, 2010

  Sebastian Thrun, Stanford University, Chase Hensel, Computing Research Association and Erwin P. Gianchandani, Computing Research Association

  For citation use: Thrun S., Hensel C., & Gianchandani E. P. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling a Revolution in New Transportation: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling Personalized Education

  September 2, 2010

  Beverly Park Woolf, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Ryan Baker, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Erwin P. Gianchandani, Computing Research Association

  For citation use: Woolf B. P., Baker R., & Gianchandani E. P. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling Personalized Education: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling an Initiative in “New Biology”

  August 1, 2010

  Chase Hensel, Computing Research Association and Erwin P. Gianchandani, Computing Research Association

  For citation use: Hensel C. & Gianchandani E. P. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling an Initiative in “New Biology”: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling Advanced Intelligence and Decision-Making for America’s Security

  July 28, 2010

  Randal E. Bryant, Carnegie Mellon University, Jaime G. Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University and Tom Mitchell, Carnegie Mellon University

  For citation use: Bryant R. E., Carbonell J., & Mitchell T. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling Advanced Intelligence and Decision-Making for America’s Security: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Enabling 21st Century Discovery in Science and Engineering

  June 18, 2010

  Randal E. Bryant, Carnegie Mellon University and Ed Lazowska, University of Washington

  For citation use: Bryant R. E. & Lazowska E. (2010). From Data to Knowledge to Action: Enabling 21^st Century Discovery in Science and Engineering: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

Every four years the Computing Research Association, through its subcommittees, publishes a series of white papers called Quadrennial Papers that explore areas and issues around computing research with potential to address national priorities. The white papers attempt to portray a comprehensive picture of the computing research field detailing potential research directions, challenges, and recommendations.

Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence at the Edge

Sujata Banerjee (VMware Research) and Elisa Bertino (Purdue University)

Could AI better support societal needs if it were deployed at the edge of the network, close to application end-points, as opposed to in a centralized cloud? This white paper examines those potential uses and identifies requirements and areas of research that need to be explored before implementation of AI systems at the edge can be realized.

For citation use: Bertino E. & Banerjee S. (2020) Artificial Intelligence at the Edge. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Artificial Intelligence and Cooperation

Elisa Bertino (Purdue University), Finale Doshi-Velez (Harvard University), Maria Gini (University of Minnesota), Daniel Lopresti (Lehigh University), and David Parkes (Harvard University)

This paper argues for further research in AI and human cooperation in order to understand the ways in which systems of AIs and people, working together, can engender cooperative behavior. Through a set of illustrative examples, a broad research agenda for this goal is laid out incorporating aspects of AI architectures, collaborative human-AI systems, economic viewpoints, and human preferences and control.

For citation use: Bertino E., Finale D., Gini M, Lopresti D. & Parkes D. (2020) Artificial Intelligence & Cooperation. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding Artificial Intelligence’s Impact on Society

Suresh Venkatasubramanian (University of Utah), Nadya Bliss (Arizona State University), Helen Nissenbaum (Cornell University), and Melanie Moses (University of New Mexico)

Among the convenience and opportunities that AI brings to the table, these systems also produce a multitude of problems including seemingly racial or gender-biased algorithms, infringements on citizens’ privacy or freedom or deepening inequalities among different groups. This paper calls for an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates the expertise from a broad set of disciplines and application domains to gain a deeper understanding of how technology and society interact in order to avoid these negative impacts from AI technologies.

For citation use: Venkatasubramanian S., Bliss N., Nissenbaum H., & Moses M. (2020) Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding Artificial Intelligence’s Impact on Society. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• The Rise of AI-Driven Simulators: Building a New Crystal Ball

Ian Foster (University of Chicago), David Parkes (Harvard University), and Stephan Zheng (Salesforce AI Research)

Simulations are now pervasive throughout human society and the economy, providing decision makers with a remarkable crystal ball—not just for next week’s weather but also for the spread of a disease through a population. This paper lays out the importance of AI-driven simulators, describing challenges, accomplishments, and a potential research agenda in order to realize the full potential of simulation predictions.

For citation use: Foster I., Parkes D., & Zheng S. (2020) The Rise of AI-Driven Simulators: Building a New Crystal Ball. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Next Wave Artificial Intelligence: Robust, Explainable, Adaptable, Ethical, and Accountable

Odest Chadwicke Jenkins (University of Michigan), Daniel Lopresti (Lehigh University), and Melanie Mitchell (Portland State University)

This paper describes the history and limitations of today’s AI systems, such as brittleness, weakness against adversarial attacks, and the difficulties of system training. It names a series of recommendations and focus areas for research necessary to catalyze this new wave of AI.

For citation use: Jenkins C., Lopresti D. & Mitchell M. (2020) Next Wave Artificial Intelligence: Robust, Explainable, Adaptable, Ethical, and Accountable. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

Socio-Technical Computing

•  An Agenda for Disinformation Research

Nadya Bliss (Arizona State University), Elizabeth Bradley (University of Colorado, Boulder), Joshua Garland (Santa Fe Institute), Filippo Menczer (Indiana University), Scott W. Ruston (Arizona State University), Kate Starbird (University of Washington), and Chris Wiggins (Columbia University)

This paper describes a multi-disciplinary research agenda incorporating disinformation detection, education, measurements of impact, and a new common research infrastructure to combat disinformation and its effects upon the US and the world.

For citation use: Bliss N., Bradley E., Garland J., Menczer F., Ruston S., Starbird K., & Wiggins C. (2020) An Agenda for Disinformation Research. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Modernizing Data Control: Making Personal Digital Data Mutually Beneficial for Citizens and Industry

Sujata Banerjee (VMware Research), Yiling Chen (Harvard University), Kobbi Nissim (Georgetown University), David Parkes (Harvard University), Katie Siek (Indiana University Bloomington), and Lauren Wilcox (Georgia Institute of Technology)

Via the Internet and IoT systems, there is an increasing amount of data being collected on individuals every day. This paper dives into the big questions related to this phenomenon, such as who owns the data, the implications for using, controlling, and quantifying the data, and, most importantly, how to best protect citizens’ privacy.

For citation use: Banerjee S., Chen Y., Nissim K., Parkes D., Siek K. & Wilcox L. (2020) Modernizing Data Control: Making Personal Digital Data Mutually Beneficial for Citizens and Industry. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

Broad Computing

• A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update

  Daniel Lopresti (Lehigh University) and Shashi Shekhar (University of Minnesota)

  In 2017, the CCC produced a series of intelligent infrastructure whitepapers, and in 2020 CCC issued a set of companion whitepapers on closely related topics. This paper briefly surveys those earlier works and then highlight four themes of rising national prominence where intelligent infrastructure can also play an enabling role, driven by experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic and the social justice movement. 

  For citation use: Lopresti D. & Shekhar S. (2020) A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

• Pandemic Informatics: Preparation, Robustness and Resilience

Elizabeth Bradley (University of Colorado Boulder), Madhav Marathe (University of Virginia), Melanie Moses (University of New Mexico), William Gropp (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign), and Daniel Lopresti (Lehigh University)

In light of the recent pandemic, this paper outlines an effective strategy to reduce the impact of global pandemics stressing early detection, predicting the public’s reaction and developing effective policies. These aims require research and technological advancements in a number of areas, particularly in how informatics infrastructure can be used to assist in global outbreaks and better prepare for the next health crisis.

For citation use: Bradley E., Marathe M., Moses M., Gropp W. & Lopresti D. (2020) Pandemic Informatics: Preparation, Robustness, and Resilience. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence, Quantum and High Performance Computing

Sujata Banerjee (VMware Research), William Gropp (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign), and Ian Foster (University of Chicago)

This paper breaks down the barriers separating AI, Quantum, and High Performance Computing (HPC). It calls for combining resources to support these critical areas, and highlights synergies between them. The goal is to bridge current gaps between these three areas and use the infrastructure from one discipline to catalyze progress in another.

For citation use: Banerjee S., Foster I., & Gropp W. (2020) Infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence, Quantum and High Performance Computing. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Robotics Enabling the Workforce

Henrik Christensen (UC San Diego), Maria Gini (University of Minnesota), Odest Chadwicke Jenkins (University of Michigan), and Holly Yanco (University of Massachusetts, Lowell)

This paper portrays how robotics can aid and leverage the workforce by increasing automation and providing new opportunities for workers. It outlines necessary investments in research, technology development, education, training and policy, but most critically, we need research to understand how future robot technologies can compliment our workforce to get the best of both human and automated labor.

For citation use: Christensen H., Gini M., Jenkins C., & Yanco H. (2020) Robotics Enabling the Workforce. ​https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• A Research Ecosystem for Secure Computing

Nadya Bliss (Arizona State University), Lawrence A. Gordon (University of Maryland), Daniel Lopresti (Lehigh University), Suresh Venkatasubramanian (University of Utah), and Fred Schneider (Cornell University)

In today’s world tech developers are more focused on the capabilities of the technology rather than the security. This paper stresses the importance of prioritizing security in the design phase and identifies specific focus areas for research and funding that touch on transition and adoption, training/education, and incentive structures for better security.

For citation use: Bliss N., Gordon L., Lopresti D., Schneider F., & Venkatasubramanian S. (2020) A Research Ecosystem for Secure Computing. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

Core Computer Science

• Post Quantum Cryptography: Readiness Challenges and the Approaching Storm

  October 2020

  Matt Campagna (Amazon), Brian LaMacchia (Microsoft Research), and David Ott (VMware Research)

  Few people are aware that each advancement we make in quantum computing brings us closer to a complete breakdown of our digital security and privacy. As quantum-driven advancements in cryptographic analysis and computing technology are achieved, the cryptographic algorithms that protect our private online information and data is threatened. This paper identifies issues that need to be addressed before the quantum transition, particularly in identifying a replacement for current cryptography algorithms and ensuring a safe transition of uses.

  For citation use: Campagna M., LaMacchia B., & Ott D. (2020) Post Quantum Cryptography: Readiness Challenges and the Approaching Storm. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Theoretical Computer Science: Foundations for an Algorithmic World

  October 2020

  Shuchi Chawla (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Jelani Nelson (UC Berkeley), Chris Umans (California Institute of Technology), and David Woodruff (Carnegie Mellon University)

  This paper presents the case for robust support of research and foundational work in Theoretical Computer Science (TCS), highlighting three major areas of current interest in the field. Work in this discipline benefits the entire field of computer science by offering insights to the possibilities and limitations of computation, identifying key issues in new areas and discerning computation and algorithms in settings beyond computer science.

  For citation use: Chawla S., Nelson J., Umans C. & Woodruff D. (2020) Theoretical Computer Science: Foundations for an Algorithmic World. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Computing Research Challenges in Next Generation Wireless Networking

  October 2020

  Elisa Bertino (Purdue University), Daniel Bliss (Arizona State University), Daniel Lopresti (Lehigh University), Larry Peterson (Princeton University), and Henning Schulzrinne (Columbia University)

  Wireless networking has seen explosive growth over the past decade and continues to evolve rapidly. Cellular technology is now progressing from 4G and its potential for broadband speeds to mobile devices, to 5G which will further enhance transmission speeds, cell capacity, and latency through the use of different radio technologies. 6G is already envisioned to employ virtualization across all layers and the pervasive deployment of AI. On the hardware side, new classes of highly flexible application specific processors (ASICs) are being developed, driving further progress. In addition, deep programmability will open up enormous opportunities to manage the complexity and harness the power of the new network infrastructure. This paper explores these key technologies and outlines a research agenda to make them a reality.

  For citation use: Bertino E., Bliss D., Peterson L., Lopresti D., & Schulzrinne H. (2020) Computing Research Challenges in Next Generation Wireless Networking. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers

• Advancing Computing’s Foundation of US Industry & Society

  October 2020

  Thomas Conte (Georgia Institute of Technology), Ian Foster (University of Chicago), William Gropp (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign), and Mark Hill (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

  As the 55-year reign of Moore’s Law comes to an end, new computing techniques will be required in order to continue the improvement of computer speed and performance. This paper outlines a number of techniques that will lead to advancements in the computing field and benefits society as a whole.

  For citation use: Conte T., Foster I., Gropp W., & Hill M. (2020) Advancing Computing’s Foundation of US Industry & Society. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/#2020-quadrennial-papers