Computing Research Policy Blog

Science Appears in Final FY 08 Emergency Supplemental, But Only Just Barely


A symbolic (and that’s about all) victory for science in managing to get included in the FY 08 Emergency Supplemental Appropriation approved by the House today, though the amounts leave a lot to be desired. Even though the funding levels are pretty anemic, at least some money appeared in the bill. The great majority of other “special interests” that were clamoring to get into the bill didn’t make it.
The House and Senate Leadership agreed on a $400 million bump for science agencies that got shortchanged in the FY 08 Omnibus Approps — a far cry from the $1.2 billion included by the Senate in its version and an even further cry from the levels called for in the COMPETES Act (and ACI, and the Democratic Innovation Agenda).
Here’s how it breaks out:

  • $62.5 million for Department of Energy’s Office of Science (to “eliminate all furloughs and reductions in force which are a direct result of budgetary constraints”)
  • $62.5 million for DOE Environmental Cleanup
  • $62.5 million for NASA
  • $62.5 million for NSF (a paltry $22.5 million for research and $40 million for EHR and the Noyce Scholarships)
  • $150 million for NIH (so even when NIH “loses,” it still does better than the ACI agencies…)

The argument given by the House leadership for these funding levels is that these are the only amounts that are truly “emergency” funds. The FY 09 Appropriations bill are supposed to get the agencies back on track. Of course, the likelihood of the FY 09 bills getting finished is quite slim, but that’s the story.
The Senate will pass the measure next week. The President has indicated that he’s likely to sign it, so this is probably the end game for FY 08.
On to FY 09….

DARPA Management Issues Cost Agency $32 Million


Noah Shactman has an interesting post on the Danger Room Blog at Wired noting that the Pentagon has “reprogrammed” $32 million of DARPA funding, including $2 million from the Information and Communications Technology account because of DARPA’s inability to attract program managers and spend the money allocated it. From the Reprogramming Action (pdf) report:

“DARPA continues to underexecute its Research, Development, Test and Evaluation programs for two reasons: first, several key program managers’ positions are unfilled because there are few experts in advanced sciences and technology, and second, DARPA’s approval process is delaying contract awards.”

If I had to guess, I’d say the latter reason might have something to do with the former, too.
It’s certainly possible that the same policy changes at DARPA that have made it more difficult for university researchers to work on DARPA problems have also made DARPA a less-desireable place to spend a few years, but that’s just my speculation….

A Closer Look at the RAND Report on U.S. Competitiveness in S&T


[Dustin Cho is CRA’s new summer fellow from the Tisdale Fellowship Program, which has been bringing college students to Washington, DC, for internships that explore current public policy issues of critical importance to the high-tech sector. Dustin is a recent graduate of Yale University with a degree in political science and an interest in the intersection of public policy and technology. After suffering through what is sure to be a tortuous summer with us here at CRA World HQ, Dustin plans to begin law school at Harvard in the Fall. Until then, expect to see plenty of his writing here on the blog as we wring all we can out of him. — Peter]
I’ve just finished reading the RAND report, and as Peter points out, its authors take the contrarian position that U.S. science is as competitive as ever. They contend that the U.S. remains on top, and we’re not in danger of being overtaken because our R&D growth rates are pretty much the same as the rest of the world. According to RAND, there are only a few countries whose R&D growth outpaces ours, such as China and Korea, and all of these countries are starting from next to nothing (from 1993 to 2003, China only had to add $6B per year to grow at 17 percent, while the U.S. was adding more than double that amount annually and growing at 5.8 percent). Journalists’ interpretation: there’s nothing to worry about.
That’s a dramatic oversimplification, because the underlying message of the report is that we should stop looking at R&D as a horse race – and that R&D is crucial to the United States’ future, regardless of what other countries are doing.
The report argues that it’s nonsense to talk about R&D expenditures as “competition” between countries, since one country’s scientific advancements will end up increasing the standard of living for everyone in the world who can access its derivative technology. In fact, there are probably network effects to research such that increased funding actually has increasing returns – in other words, if there’s already a lot of worldwide R&D, then an extra dollar spent on research will allow another scientist to build off of other researcher’s developments, increasing every scientist’s productivity. So when other countries (or the U.S. itself) decide to invest more heavily in R&D, U.S. R&D productivity actually improves.
That said, the report also emphasizes the importance of maintaining the U.S.’s comparative advantage in R&D. Right now, it’s relatively cheaper to do science and technology research in the U.S. due to our infrastructure, labor, and funding advantages. But as Harvard economist Richard Freeman points out, if other countries (such as China) overtake us in these areas, their lower wages might actually give them the comparative advantage, thereby severely damaging the U.S. economy as we’re forced to retool our infrastructure toward different industries. Freeman thinks it’s likely poorer countries will somewhat succeed in this by specializing in certain subfields and producing a lot of highly educated researchers. But the U.S. will be better equipped to maintain its comparative advantage if we encourage immigration of skilled researchers, increase federal funding, and improve infrastructure for R&D.
The RAND report also shows that life sciences have received disproportionate federal funding, resulting in a glut of life sciences PhDs and hurting their salaries. In other S&T fields, employment demand has outstripped degree production. “The most notable instances of divergence between employment growth and growth in degrees are mathematics/computer sciences and physical sciences,” the report explains. “Mathematics/computer sciences degrees grew by 4 percent per year [from 1980 to 2000] – the highest rate of degree growth in S&E – while mathematics/computer sciences employment grew by more than twice that, 9 percent per year.”
In fact, the only reason we have comparable R&D growth rates to other countries in federal funding is due to increased life sciences funding – non-life sciences S&T growth has basically flatlined. Private investment in R&D has increased, but it’s no replacement for federally funded academic research: “Even though industrial R&D is much larger than academic research expenditures, academic spillovers increase the R&D performed by industry significantly, and have a comparable effect on patents.” The report argues that network effects from increased academic research improve the productivity of private R&D.
Since the bulk of the report examines ways to improve the United States’ R&D, it’s disappointing that media coverage (and the RAND press release itself) choose to overemphasize the counterproductive message that the U.S. is still the world leader in science and technology. Instead, shouldn’t we focus on how to keep it that way?

Dichotomy of Women in S&T


Two articles this week on women in science and technology fields. The first “Why Women Quit Technology Careers” in ComputerWorld talks about a trend that we have been watching for awhile. The article notes a study that shows that despite a strong presence in the early stages of science and technology careers, 40 percent of women leave those fields in their 30s and 40s. While having children is a factor for the drop, it is not the most significant one the study found. There were four other factors that were more important in the drop in women.
1. High levels of blatant and subtle misogyny or sexual harassment.
2. Isolation
3. Lack of a career map
4. Rewarding of risk taking as a path to promotion (building a system that doesn’t break is not rewarded but high pressure situations involving fixing broken systems are rewarded with promotions)
The study is “The Athena Factor: Reversing the Brain Drain in Science, Engineering, and Technology” and was conducted through the Center for Work-Life Policy.
The second article, “Revenge of the Nerdette” in Newsweek shows the other end of the spectrum of women in science and technology. The article talks about a group of girls in college who are fighting the stereotype of “nerd” and who are completely comfortable being both feminine and very into math and science. The article points out, “That comfort level has as much to do with culture as it does with technology. Depictions of geeks as socially awkward math whizzes date back to caricatures in tech-school humor magazines from the 1950s, such as MIT’s Voodoo. But the geeks of MIT were strictly male, as were subsequent takes on the stereotype, such as the nerdy men of 1984’s “Revenge of the Nerds,” and Screech on “Saved by the Bell.” Today’s girl geeks are members of the first generation to have been truly reared on technology.” These “Nerd Girls” are forming clubs, outreach programs, and mentoring programs. Maybe this is the first step to combat the problems found in the Athena study and the upcoming generation will knock down these barriers for a life long career in science and technology fields.
Because the topic is in the news, this is probably also a good opportunity to talk a little about some of the things CRA is doing to help address the factors that lead women to chareer fields. CRA’s Committee on the Status of Women in Computing(CRA-W) does great work in running programs aimed at targeting that sense of the isolation women in IT might feel and trying to help promote a sense of “belonging” at several points in the pipeline. The Grad Cohort program brings hundreds of students together for a kick-off workshop and follow-on activities. The Cohort for Associate Professors Program targets associate professors and has a track for mid-level industry researchers and exposes the participants to role models in various career tracks (academia and industry/government labs) as do the Career Mentoring Workshops. One of the most effective sessions at the CAPP workshop is when the Distinguished Speakers have the opportunity to sit with the attendees one-on-one and review their C.V.s – giving advice on how best to get promoted to the next level. In addition, CRA-W also runs the Collaborative Research Experiences for Undergrads Program with the Coalition to Diversify Computing that brings together groups of women and/or minorities to work on a year-long research topic and fosters a sense of community. The same can be said for the Distributed Mentor Project, which pairs an undergrad for a summer research experience with a mentor (and usually his or her research group).
Finally for those interested, there is a session planned for our upcoming Snowbird Conference called “Practical Solutions to a Continuing Problem: Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination.” Information on all the CRA-W programs can be found at the CRA-W web site.
Together programs like CRA’s and initiatives by groups like the “Nerd Girls” could help cause a fundamental shift in attitude toward science and technology both inside and outside the fields and allow the best and brightest, regardless of gender, to apply themselves to solve the most fundamental science and technology challenges.

Chronicle, Citing RAND Report, Claims U.S. S&T is A-OK


Two recent pieces in The Chronicle of Higher Education riff off a just-released report by the RAND Corporation to make the case that those who have argued that U.S. science and technology dominance is at risk in a globally competitive world are exaggerating.
Richard Monastersky writes in “Despite Recent Obits, U.S. Science and Engineering Remain Robust“:

Although Congress, President Bush, and top university chancellors have publicly fretted about the declining health of science and engineering in the United States, a new report argues that the U.S. has maintained its supremacy in those sectors. Further, the report says, the nation should not overreact to overseas growth in technological prowess.

And Daniel Greenberg writes in “Call Off the Funeral: Science in U.S. is Lively and Growing”:

The RAND report stands out because gloomy findings predominate in assessments of American science. In 1985, for example, the chairman of the House Appropriations Subcommittee for the National Science Foundation expressed exasperation with the din of doom: “It’s the same argument every year, about losing the lead.” In 2005, the National Research Council—the research arm of the National Academy of Sciences and its subsidiaries—issued a blockbuster compilation of R&D anxiety, “Rising Above the Gathering Storm,” which still reverberates around Washington as science-policy gospel.

The thing is, I’m not sure there are many within the science advocacy community who would disagree with the primary findings of the RAND report, U.S. Competitiveness in Science and Technology. The report found that the U.S. continues to be the world leader in S&T innovation; that federal support for resarch is generally up over the last decade or so — though that increase is almost all in the life sciences, the physical sciences have been held essentially flat; there is lots of opportunity in the science and engineering workforce; and the U.S. continues to be heavily dependent on our ability to attract the best and the brightest in the world to work and study here.
Not many, if any, in the DC science advocacy community would disagree with those assessments. The concerns, of course, are the trend lines — they are almost all trending the wrong way. (The Task Force on the Future of American Innovation has a good compilation of many of these benchmarks in their Benchmarks of Our Innovation Future II report.) Our competitors worldwide are every day increasing their capacity to compete with us — investing in better facilities, more partnerships, increased investments in key areas — and we’re concerned the U.S. isn’t matching them with anything close to the same intensity.
Gene Spafford, one of my Government Affairs Committee members, notes that these pieces also seem to give short shrift to the disruptive effect one or two key discoveries can have — think light bulb, antibiotics, the transitor, controlled fission, the Internet, and more. Right now there is intensive research in genetics, nanotechnology, parallel computation, fusion, alternative energy and several other areas. A major advance in any one of them would be transformative on a large scale. It won’t be incremental. If we’re concerned about our national position as opposed to simply the advancement of science, the we want to somehow ensure that those advances happen here. And that requires having a prepared base and an active set of programs of inquiry.
The U.S. is the global leader in science and technology. It’s true that the U.S. has enough of a lead at this point to “decay gracefully” (as Newt Gingrich describes it). But I’m not sure that’s what most want for this country, or for their children and grandchildren who will have to live in it.

House CJS Committee Approves Big Increase for NSF…


…but don’t get too excited, yet.
The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science today approved (pdf) a nearly 14 percent increase for the National Science Foundation ($830 million over NSF’s lackluster FY 08 number) in its version of the FY 09 CJS Appropriations bill.
While the committee is doing this with the stated goal of getting NSF back on the doubling track called for in the America COMPETES Act, this is just one step along a long and tortuous path appropriations will take to get completed this year. Unfortunately, all the dynamics that were in play last year that led to science getting completely shut out of increases in the final FY 08 Omnibus Appropriations are still in play this year. And frankly, it appears that we are once again headed for a long-term continuing resolution until at least early next year, when lawmakers can assess the new climate after the election and chart a new strategy.
Still, the CJS Committee deserves kudos for continuing to find a way to highlight the importance of science funding and for giving the community a good starting point from which to argue for continued support throughout the remainder of the appropriations process. We’ll have all the details of that process here, so stay tuned.
The Chronicle of Higher Ed has more (though that link might be temporary).

Computing Community Gets Opportunities to Show Off for Congress


The next couple of weeks will be busy ones here at CRA World Headquarters. On June 18, the Congressional Robotics Caucus will be holding its second briefing, this time on Industrial Robotics. (CRA is on the Robotics Caucus Advisory Committee.) The lunch briefing will feature Jeff Burnstein of the Robotic Industries Association, Richard Seif and Chris Bailey of the Lincoln Electric Company, and John Dulchinos of Adept Technology. In conjunction with the Caucus event, CRA’s Computing Community Consortium will be hosting three days worth of robotics workshops. All the details on the CCC endeavor can be found on the CCC blog.
CRA is also gearing up to participate in the Coalition for National Science Funding’s Annual Science Exposition on June 25. This year we will be represented by Dr. R. Michael Young from North Carolina State University. Dr. Young will visit his Congressional delegation during the day and then host an exhibit of his research in the early evening. The exhibit is “Cognition and Computation: Exploring the Sciences of Computer Games for Serious Applications.” Details from last year’s event are here. If you have any interest in showing your work at a future CRA event, let us know!

We’re Looking For More Good Peeps!


CRA is looking to expand its staff once again — we’re looking for a business/office manager type to help us get a handle on our growing responsibilities. If you know someone who fits the bill, please pass this along!

Wanted: Business Manager
The Computing Research Association, a non-profit representing the academic and industrial IT research community, seeks a Business Manager for its Washington, DC office. This position supports CRA initiatives, provides technical coordination and administration of grants and subcontracts, develops project management plans and monitors execution, works with stakeholders, prepares presentations and reports, and handles office human resource requirements. Requirements: a Bachelors degree or four years of related experience, an employment history of progressively responsible experience, and demonstrated management and administrative skills. Knowledge of federal grants/contracts management is desirable. Please email resume and salary requirements to: employment@cra.org.

Update on the Supplemental


Well after a lot of rumors, innuendo, and veto threats, the House supplemental appropriations bill — the last hope for rectifying the shortfall for science in FY 2008 — does not contain additional funding for science and technology but the Senate version does. The House version, which is scheduled to be debated and voted on today, only includes additional domestic funding for veterans education, unemployment benefits, and Medicaid and some additional international aid that the President requested. The Senate version, which is scheduled to have floor time next week, also includes $1.2 billion for science at NASA, NSF, NIH, and DOE. It is unlikely that the Senate will pass the supplemental with a veto proof majority so the question going forward is how to reconcile the two bills — and how they will handle the science funding — and avoid a Presidential veto. It is likely that much of the Senate funding will get stripped out in order to satisfy House Republicans and “Blue Dog” Democrats who would vote against the additional spending and to avoid a veto by the President. We’ll keep you posted as the debate and votes happen and let you know how it all shakes out in the end…
Update: Here is a breakdown of the funding for science the Senate is including in their version of the supplemental.
$150 million for NSF basic research activities and $50 million for four science/math education programs.
$400 million for DOE – $300 million for environmental management and $100 million for ACI, of which $50 million is fusion (ITER).
$200 million for NASA for a new account to reimburse NASA programs that helped to cover costs associated with Space Shuttle return to flight after 2003 Columbia accident.
$400 million for NIH.
This additional funding, while welcome, does not cover the short fall for the ACI-related agencies who lost out in the FY08 omnibus. But at least the Senate included science funding which is more than can be said for the House version. Sigh.

CRA Chair to Testify Before Senate on Climate Modeling


CRA Chair Dan Reed (who is also Microsoft’s “Scalable and Multicore Strategist”) will testify Thursday before the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation committee to talk about the computational aspects of U.S. climate modeling.
From the committee:

This hearing will examine the current computing capacity to process models at the regional and local scales, the need for continuous observational data to support the models, and the basic science to support the improvement of the next generation of climate models to meet the needs of decisionmakers. The hearing will focus on developing applications, consumer expectations, and network operation.

We’ll have Dan’s testimony here, links to any archived video and audio coverage of the proceedings, as well as our take on how it all went down, so stay tuned.

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