Addressing the Unforeseen Harms of Technology

June 2024

Nadya Bliss, Kevin Butler, David Danks, Ufuk Topcu, and Matthew Turk.

For citation use: Bliss, N., Butler, K., Danks, D., Topcu, U., & Turk, M. (2024). Addressing the Unforeseen Harms of Technology. http://cra.org/ccc/addressing_unforeseen_harms_of_ technology_ccc_whitepaper

@techreport{nadya bliss2024addressing,
  author={Nadya Bliss, Kevin Butler, David Danks, Ufuk Topcu, and Matthew Turk},
  title={Addressing the Unforeseen Harms of Technology},
  institution={Computing Community Consortium},
  year={2024},
  number={White Paper 1},
  address={Washington, D.C.},
  month={6},
  url={http://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/AUDIT\_Whitepaper\_FINAL.pdf}
}

Algorithmic Robustness

October 2023

David Jensen, Brian LaMacchia, Ufuk Topcu, and Pamela Wisniewski

For citation use: Jensen D., LaMacchia B., Topcu U., and Wisniewski P. (2023). Algorithmic Robustness. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

@techreport{david jensen2023algorithmic,
  author={David Jensen, Brian LaMacchia, Ufuk Topcu, and Pamela Wisniewski},
  title={Algorithmic Robustness},
  institution={Computing Community Consortium},
  year={2023},
  number={White Paper 1},
  address={Washington, D.C.},
  month={4},
  url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/10/Algorithmic-Robustness-Whitepaper.pdf}
}

• Mid-cycle Update to the US National Robotics Roadmap

  April 2023

  Henrik I. Christensen and Holly Yanco

  For citation use: Christensen H., and Yanco H. (2023). Mid-cycle Update to the US National Robotics Roadmap. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

  [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

  @techreport{henrik i christensen 2023mid,
    author={Henrik I Christensen and Holly Yanco},
    title={Mid-cycle Update to the US National Robotics Roadmap},
    institution={Computing Community Consortium},
    year={2023},
    number={White Paper 1},
    address={Washington, D.C.},
    month={4},
    url={https://cra.org/ccc/robotics-mid-cycle-white-paper/},
    note={}
  }

  • Fostering Responsible Computing Research Report Recommendations for Computing Research Institutions: Actionable Steps

    January 2023

    Elizabeth Bradley, Tracy Camp, Haley Griffin, and Ann W. Schwartz

    For citation use: Bradley E., Camp T., Griffin H., and Schwartz A.W. (2022). Fostering Responsible Computing Research Report Recommendations for Computing Research Institutions: Actionable Steps. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/ 

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{elizabeth bradley2023fostering,
      author={Elizabeth Bradley, Tracy Camp, Haley Griffin, and Ann W. Schwartz.
    
    },
      title={Fostering Responsible Computing Research Report Recommendations for Computing Research Institutions: Actionable Steps},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2023},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={1},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/Responsible-Computing-Research-Whitepaper-Final-1-1.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Research Opportunities in Evidence-Based Elections

    January 2022

    Josh Benaloh, Philip B. Stark, Vanessa Teague, Melanie Volkamer, and Dan Wallach

    For citation use: Benaloh J., Stark P.B., Teague V., Volkamer M., and Wallach D. (2022). Research Opportunities in Evidence-Based Elections. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/ 

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{josh benaloh2022research,
      author={Josh Benaloh, Philip B. Stark, Vanessa Teague, Melanie Volkamer, and Dan Wallach.
    
    },
      title={Research Opportunities in Evidence-Based Elections},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2022},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={1},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/Research-Opportunities-in-Evidence-Based-Elections},
      note={}
    }

  • Computing Research for the Climate Crisis

    August 2021

    Nadya Bliss, Elizabeth Bradley, Claire Monteleoni

    For citation use: Bliss, N., Bradley, E., Monteleoni, C. (2021) Computing Research for the Climate Crisis 2021. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{nadya bliss2021computing,
      author={Nadya Bliss, Elizabeth Bradley, Claire Monteleoni},
      title={Computing Research for the Climate Crisis},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2021},
      number={White Paper 3},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={8},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/08/Computing-Research-and-Climate-Change-—-August-2021.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • National Discovery Cloud 2021

    April 2021

    Ian Foster, Daniel Lopresti, Bill Gropp, Mark Hill, Katie Schuman

    For citation use: Foster I., Lopresti D., Gropp B., Hill M., & Schuman K. (2021) National Discovery Cloud 2021. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{ian foster2021national,
      author={Ian Foster, Daniel Lopresti, Bill Gropp, Mark Hill, Katie Schuman},
      title={National Discovery Cloud 2021},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2021},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={1},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/CCC-Whitepaper-National-Discovery-Cloud-2021.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Evolving Methods for Evaluating and Disseminating Computing Research

    July 2020

    Benjamin Zorn, Tom Conte, Keith Marzullo, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian

    For citation use: Zorn B., Conte T., Marzullo K., & Venkatasubramanian S. (2020) Evolving Methods for Evaluating and Disseminating Computing Research. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{benjamin zorn2020evolving,
      author={Benjamin Zorn, Tom Conte, Keith Marzullo, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian},
      title={Evolving Methods for Evaluating and Disseminating Computing Research},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2020},
      number={White Paper 2},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={7},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Evolving-Methods-for-Evaluating-and-Disseminating-Computing-Research.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • 5G Security and Privacy – A Research Roadmap

    March 2020

    Elisa Bertino, Syed Rafiul Hussain, and Omar Chowdhury

    For citation use: Bertino E., Hussain S. R., & Chowdhury O. (2020) 5G Security and Privacy – A Research Roadmap. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{elisa bertino20205g,
      author={Elisa Bertino, Syed Rafiul Hussain, and Omar Chowdhury},
      title={5G Security and Privacy – A Research Roadmap},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2020},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={3},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/5G-Security-and-Privacy-A-Research-Roadmap.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Evolving Academia/Industry Relations in Computing Research

    June 2019

    Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, Benjamin Zorn, and Greg Morriset

    For citation use: Patel S., Rexford J., Zorn B., & Morrisett G. (2019) Evolving Academia/Industry Relations in Computing Research. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{shwetak patel2019evolving,
      author={Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, Benjamin Zorn, and Greg Morriset},
      title={Evolving Academia/Industry Relations in Computing Research},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2019},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={6},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/Evolving-AcademiaIndustry-Relations-in-Computing-Research.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Research Opportunities and Visions for Smart and Pervasive Health

    June 2017

    Elizabeth Mynatt, Gregory D. Hager, Santosh Kumar, Ming Lin, Shwetak Patel, Jack Stankovic, and Helen Wright

    For citation use: Mynatt E., Hager G. D., Santosh K., Lin M., Patel S., Stankovic J., & Wright H. (2017) Research Opportunities and Visions for Smart and Pervasive Health https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{elizabeth mynatt2017research,
      author={Elizabeth Mynatt, Gregory D. Hager, Santosh Kumar, Ming Lin, Shwetak Patel, Jack Stankovic, and Helen Wright},
      title={Research Opportunities and Visions for Smart and Pervasive Health},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 18},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={6},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/SmartandPervasiveHealth-White-Paper-June-2017.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Democratizing Design for Future Computing Platforms

    June 2017

    Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, and Thomas F. Wenisch

    For citation use: Ceze L., Hill M. D., Sankaralingam K., & Wenisch T. F. (2017) Democratizing Design for Future Computing Platforms https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{luis ceze2017democratizing,
      author={Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, and Thomas F. Wenisch},
      title={Democratizing Design for Future Computing Platforms},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 17},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={6},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/DemocratizingDesignforFutureComputingPlatforms-v2.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Advanced Cyberinfrastructure for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

    June 2017

    Vasant G. Honavar, Katherine Yelick, Klara Nahrstedt, Holly Rushmeier, Jennifer Rexford, Mark D. Hill, Elizabeth Bradley, and Elizabeth Mynatt

    For citation use: Honavar V. G., Yelick K., Nahrstedt K., Rushmeier H., Rexford J., Hill M. D., Bradley E., & Mynatt E. (2017) Advanced Cyberinfrastructure for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{vasant g. honavar2017advanced,
      author={Vasant G. Honavar, Katherine Yelick, Klara Nahrstedt, Holly Rushmeier, Jennifer Rexford, Mark D. Hill, Elizabeth Bradley, and Elizabeth Mynatt},
      title={Advanced Cyberinfrastructure for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 16},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={6},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/AdvancedCyberinfrastructureforAcceleratingScience-v2.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Big Data, Data Science, and Civil Rights

    June 2017

    Solon Barocas, Elizabeth Bradley, Vasant Honavar, and Foster Provost

    For citation use: Barocas S., Bradley E., Honavar V., & Provost F. (2017) Big Data, Data Science, and Civil Rights. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{solon barocas2017big,
      author={Solon Barocas, Elizabeth Bradley, Vasant Honavar, and Foster Provost},
      title={Big Data, Data Science, and Civil Rights},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 15},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={6},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/BigDataDataScienceandCivilRights-v6.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Challenges to Keeping the Computer Industry Centered in the US

    March 2017

    Thomas M. Conte, Erik P. Debenedictis, R. Stanley Williams, and Mark D. Hill

    For citation use: Conte T. M., Debenedictis E. P., Williams R. S., & Hill M. D. (2017) Challenges to Keeping the Computer Industry Centered in the US. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{thomas m. conte2017challenges,
      author={Thomas M. Conte, Erik P. Debenedictis, R. Stanley Williams, and Mark D. Hill},
      title={Challenges to Keeping the Computer Industry Centered in the US},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 4},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={3},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/ChallengestoKeepingtheComputerIndustryCenteredintheUS\_Draftv1.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Safety, Security, and Privacy Threats Posed by Accelerating Trends in the Internet of Things

    February 2017

    Kevin Fu, Tadayoshi Kohno, Daniel Lopresti, Elizabeth Mynatt, Klara Nahrstedt, Shwetak Patel, Debra Richardson, and Ben Zorn

    For citation use: Fu K., Kohno T., Lopresti D., Mynatt E., Nahrstedt K., Patel S., Richardson D., & Zorn B., (2017). Safety, Security, and Privacy Threats Posed by Accelerating Trends in the Internet of Things. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{kevin fu2017safety,,
      author={Kevin Fu, Tadayoshi Kohno, Daniel Lopresti, Elizabeth Mynatt, Klara Nahrstedt, Shwetak Patel, Debra Richardson, and Ben Zorn},
      title={Safety, Security, and Privacy Threats Posed by Accelerating Trends in the Internet of Things},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 3},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={2},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/02/Safety-Security-and-Privacy-Threats-in-IoT.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Advances in Artificial Intelligence Require Progress Across all of Computer Science

    February 2017

    Gregory D. Hager, Randal Bryant, Eric Horvitz, Maja Matarić, and Vasant Honavar

    For citation use: Hager G., Bryant R., Horvitz E., Matarić M., & Honavar V., (2017). Advances in Artificial Intelligence Require Progress Across all of Computer Science. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{gregory d. hager2017advances,
      author={Gregory D. Hager, Randal Bryant, Eric Horvitz, Maja Matarić, and Vasant Honavar},
      title={Advances in Artificial Intelligence Require Progress Across all of Computer Science},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 2},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={2},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCC-AI-Systems-2017-FINAL.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis for the Federal Statistics Agencies

    January 3rd, 2017

    John Abowd, Lorenzo Alvisi, Cynthia Dwork, Sampath Kannan, Ashwin Machanavajjhala, and Jerome Reiter

    For citation use: Abowd J., Alvisi L., Dwork C., Kannan S., Machanavajjhala A., & Reiter J., (2017). Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis for the Federal Statistics Agencies. A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{john abowd2017privacy,
      author={John Abowd, Lorenzo Alvisi, Cynthia Dwork, Sampath Kannan, Ashwin Machanavajjhala, and Jerome Reiter},
      title={Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis for the Federal Statistics Agencies},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2017},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={1},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCCPrivacyTaskForcePaperRevised-FINAL.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Arch2030: A Vision of Computer Architecture Research over the Next 15 Years

    December 7th, 2016

    Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, and Thomas F. Wenisch

    For citation use: Ceze L., Hill M. D., & Wenisch T. F., (2016). Arch2030: A Vision of Computer Architecture Research over the Next 15 Years: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{luis ceze2016arch2030,
      author={Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, and Thomas F. Wenisch},
      title={Arch2030: A Vision of Computer Architecture Research over the Next 15 Years},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2016},
      number={White Paper 5},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/12/15447-CCC-ARCH-2030-report-v3-1-1.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Next Generation Robotics

    June 9th, 2016

    Henrik I Christensen, Allison Okamura, Maja Mataric, Vijay Kumar, Greg Hager, and Howie Choset

    For citation use: Christensen H. I., Okamura A., Mataric M., Kumar V., Hager G., & Choset H., (2016). Next Generation Robotics: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{henrik i christensen2016next,
      author={Henrik I Christensen, Allison Okamura, Maja Mataric, Vijay Kumar, Greg Hager, and Howie Choset},
      title={Next Generation Robotics},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2016},
      number={White Paper 5},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={6},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/06/15097-CCC-Next-Gen-Whitepaper-v4.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • The Future of Computing Research: Industry-Academia Collaborations

    May 6th, 2016

    Nady Boules, Khari Douglas, Stuart Feldman, Limor Fix (Organizer), Gregory Hager (Organizer), Brent Hailpern (Organizer), Martial Hebert, Dan Lopresti, Beth Mynatt, Chris Rossbach, and Helen Wright

    For citation use: Boules N., Douglas K., Feldman S., Fix L., Hager G., Hailpern B., Hebert M., Lopresti D., Mynatt E., Rossbach C., & Wright H.V., (2016). The Future of Computing Research: Industry-Academia Collaborations, Version 2: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{nady boules2016future,
      author={Nady Boules, Khari Douglas, Stuart Feldman, Limor Fix, Gregory Hager, Brent Hailpern, Martial Hebert, Dan Lopresti, Beth Mynatt, Chris Rossbach, and Helen Wright},
      title={The Future of Computing Research: Industry-Academia Collaborations},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2016},
      number={White Paper 4},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={5},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/06/15125-CCC-Industry-Whitepaper-v4-1.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Accelerating Science: A Computing Research Agenda White Paper

    February 22, 2016

    Vasant G. Honavar, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick

    For citation use: Honavar V., Hill M., & Yelick K. (2016). Accelerating Science: A Computing Research Agenda: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{vasant g. honavar2016accelerating,
      author={Vasant G. Honavar, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick},
      title={Accelerating Science: A Computing Research Agenda White Paper},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2016},
      number={White Paper 3},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={2},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Accelerating-Science-Whitepaper-CCC-Final2.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • The Importance of Computing Education Research

    January 14, 2016

    Steve Cooper, Jeff Forbes, Armando Fox, Susanne Hambrusch, Amy Ko, and Beth Simon

    For citation use: Cooper S., Forbes J., Fox A., Hambrusch S., Ko A., & Simon B. (2016). The Importance of Computing Education Research: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{steve cooper2016importance,
      author={Steve Cooper, Jeff Forbes, Armando Fox, Susanne Hambrusch, Amy Ko, and Beth Simon},
      title={The Importance of Computing Education Research},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2016},
      number={White Paper 2},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={1},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/07/CSEdResearchWhitePaper2016-v3.docx.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Smart Communities Internet of Things

    January 12, 2016

    Klara Nahrstedt, Daniel Lopresti, Ben Zorn, Ann W. Drobnis, Beth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, and Helen V. Wright

    For citation use: Nahrstedt K., Lopresti D., Zorn B., Drobnis A. W., Mynatt B., Patel S., & Wright H. V. (2016). Smart Communities Internet of Things: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{klara nahrstedt2016smart,
      author={Klara Nahrstedt, Daniel Lopresti, Ben Zorn, Ann W. Drobnis, Beth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, and Helen V. Wright},
      title={Smart Communities Internet of Things},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2016},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={1},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/SmartCity-whitepaper-v9.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Next Generation Computing Challenges

    October 19, 2015

    Gregory D. Hager, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick

    For citation use: Hager G. D., Hill M. D., & Yelick K. (2015). Opportunities and Challenges for Next Generation Computing: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{gregory d. hager2015next,
      author={Gregory D. Hager, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick},
      title={Next Generation Computing Challenges},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2015},
      number={White Paper 13},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={10},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/10/NextGenComputingChallenges.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Systems Computing Challenges in the Internet of Things

    September 2015

    Rajeev Alur, Emery Berger, Ann W. Drobnis, Limor Fix, Kevin Fu, Gregory D. Hager, Daniel Lopresti, Klara Nahrstedt, Elizabeth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, John A. Stankovic, and Benjamin Zorn

    For citation use: Alur R., Berger E., Drobnis A. W., Fix L., Fu K., Hager G. D., . . . Zorn B. (2015). Systems Computing Challenges in the Internet of Things: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{rajeev alur2015systems,
      author={Rajeev Alur, Emery Berger, Ann W. Drobnis, Limor Fix, Kevin Fu, Gregory D. Hager, Daniel Lopresti, Klara Nahrstedt, Elizabeth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, John A. Stankovic, and Benjamin Zorn},
      title={Systems Computing Challenges in the Internet of Things},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2015},
      number={White Paper 12},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={9},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/09/IoTSystemsChallenges.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Video Analysis for Body-worn Cameras in Law Enforcement

    August 2015

    Jason J. Corso, University of Michigan; Alexandre Alahi, Stanford University; Kristen Grauman, University of Texas at Austin; Gregory D. Hager, Johns Hopkins University, CCC; Louis-Philippe Morency, Carnegie Mellon University; Harpreet Sawhney, SRI; Yaser Sheikh, Carnegie Mellon University

    For citation use: Corso J. C., Alahi A., Grauman K., Hager G. D., Morency L., Sawhney H., & Sheikh Y. (2015). Video Analysis for Body-worn Cameras in Law Enforcement: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{jason j. corso2015video,
      author={Jason J. Corso, Alexandre Alahi, Kristen Grauman, Gregory D. Hager, Louis-Philippe Morency, Harpreet Sawhney, and Yaser Sheikh},
      title={Video Analysis for Body-worn Cameras in Law Enforcement},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2015},
      number={White Paper 11},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={8},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCCWhitepaperonBodyCamerasinLawEnforcement.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • National Privacy Research Strategy

    May 2015

    Towards a Privacy Research Roadmap for the Computing Community

    For citation use: Cranor L., Rabin T., Shmatikov V., Vadhan S., & Weitzner D. (2015). Towards a Privacy Research Roadmap for the Computing Community: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{lorrie cranor2015national,
      author={Lorrie Cranor, Tal Rabin, Vitaly Shmatikov, and Daniel Weitzner},
      title={National Privacy Research Strategy},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2015},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={5},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCC-National-Privacy-Research-Strategy.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • 21st Century Computer Architecture

    May 25, 2012

    A community white paper

    For citation use: Hill M. D., Adve S., Ceze L., Irwin M. J., Kaeli D., Martonosi M., . . . Yelick K. (2012). 21^st Century Computer Architecture: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{sarita adve201221st,
      author={Sarita Adve, Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, Mary Jane Irwin, David Kaeli, Margaret Martonosi, Josep Torellas, Thomas F. Wenisch, David Wood, and Katherine Yelick},
      title={21st Century Computer Architecture},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2012},
      number={White Paper 2},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={5},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/21stcenturyarchitecturewhitepaper.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data

    February 2012

    A community white paper developed by leading researchers across the United States

    For citation use: Agrawal D., Bernstein P., Bertino E., Davidson S., Dayal U., Franklin M., . . . . Widom J. (2012). Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{divyakant agrawal2012challenges,
      author={Divyakant Agrawal, Philip Bernstein, Elisa Bertino, Susan Davidson, Umeshwar Dayal, Michael Franklin, Johannes Gehrke, Laura Haas, Alon Halevy, Jiawei Han, H. V. Jagadish, Alexandros Labrinidis, Sam Madden, Yannis Papakonstantinou, Jignesh M. Patel, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Kenneth Ross, Cyrus Shahabi, Dan Suciu, Shiv Vaithyanathan, and Jennifer Widom},
      title={Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2012},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={2},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/bigdatawhitepaper.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics

    November 3, 2010

    Robin R. Murphy, Texas A&M University

    For citation use: Murphy R. R. (2010). A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX]

    @techreport{robin r. murphy2010national,
      author={Robin R. Murphy},
      title={A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2010},
      number={White Paper 10},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={9},
      note={}
    }

  • Information Technology Research Challenges for Healthcare – From Discovery to Delivery

    May 25, 2010

    Susan Graham, University of California, Berkeley; Deborah Estrin, University of California, Los Angeles;
    Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research; Isaac Kohane, Harvard University; Elizabeth Mynatt, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Ida Sim, University of California, San Francisco

    For citation use: Graham S., Estrin D., Horvitz E., Kohane I., Mynatt E., & Sim I. (2010). Information Technology Research Challenges for Healthcare: From Discovery to Delivery: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{susan graham2010information,
      author={Susan Graham, Deborah Estrin, Eric Horvitz, Isaac Kohane, Elizabeth Mynatt, and Ida Sim},
      title={Information Technology Research Challenges for Healthcare - From Discovery to Delivery},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2010},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={5},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Information\_Technology\_Research\_Challenges\_for\_Healthcare.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Fundamental Research in Engineering

    December 12, 2009

    Ed Lazowska, University of Washington and Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University

    For citation use: Lazowska E. & Lee P. (2009). Fundamental Research in Engineering: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{ed lazowska 2009fundamental,
      author={Ed Lazowska and Peter Lee},
      title={Fundamental Research in Engineering},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2009},
      number={White Paper 6},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Fundamental\_Research\_in\_Engineering.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Information Technology and America’s Energy Future

    July 29, 2009

    David Waltz, Columbia University, and John King, University of Michigan

    For citation use: Waltz D. & King J. (2009). Information Technology and America’s Energy Future: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{david waltz 2009information,
      author={David Waltz and John King},
      title={Information Technology and America’s Energy Future},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2009},
      number={White Paper 5},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={7},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/itandenergy.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Unleashing Waves of Innovation: Transformative Broadband for America’s Future

    April 18, 2009

    Ed Lazowska, University of Washington and the Computing Community Consortium; Larry Smarr, Calit2 and UCSD; Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University and the Computing Research Association; Chip Elliott, BBN Technologies and the GENI Project Office; Tom West, National LambdaRail; David Lassner, University of Hawaii; Doug Van Houweling, Internet2; Gary Bachula, Internet2; Louis Fox, WICHE, and Tim Lance, NYSERNet

    For citation use: Lazowska E., Smarr L., Lee P., Elliott C., West T., Van Houweling D., . . . Lance T. (2009). Unleashing Wave of Innovation: Transformative Broadband for America’s Future: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{ed lazowska2009unleashing,
      author={Ed Lazowska, Larry Smarr, Peter Lee, Chip Elliott, Tom West, David Lassner, Doug Van Houweling, Gary Bachula, Louis Fox, and Tim Lance},
      title={Unleashing Waves of Innovation: Transformative Broadband for America’s Future},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2009},
      number={White Paper 4},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={4},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Unleashing.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Robotics

    March 17, 2009

    Rodney Brooks, MIT

    For citation use: Brooks R. (2009). Robotics: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{rodney brooks2009robotics,
      author={Rodney Brooks},
      title={Robotics},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2009},
      number={White Paper 3},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={3},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Robotics.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Surface Transportation 3.0

    February 18, 2009

    Sebastian Thrun, Stanford University, and Henry Kelly, Federation of American Scientists

    For citation use: Thrun S. & Kelly H. (2009). Surface Transportation 3.0: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{sebastian thrun 2009surface,
      author={Sebastian Thrun and Henry Kelly},
      title={Surface Transportation 3.0},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2009},
      number={White Paper 2},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={2},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Surface\_Transportation\_3.0.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Security is Not a Commodity: The Road Forward for Cybersecurity Research

    February 3, 2009

    Stefan Savage, UC San Diego, and Fred B. Schneider, Cornell University

    For citation use: Savage S. & Schneider F. B. (2009). Security is Not a Commodity: The Road Forward for Cybersecurity Research: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{sebastian thrun 2009security,
      author={Sebastian Thrun and Henry Kelly},
      title={Security is Not a Commodity: The Road Forward for Cybersecurity Research},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2009},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={2},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Cybersecurity.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Big-Data Computing

    December 22, 2008

    Randal E. Bryant, Carnegie Mellon University, Randy H. Katz, University of California, Berkeley, and Edward D. Lazowska, University of Washington

    For citation use: Bryant R. E., Katz R. H., & Lazowska E. D. (2008). Big-Data Computing: Creating revolutionary breakthroughs in commerce, science, and society: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{r2008big,
      author={Randal E. Bryant, Randy H. Katz, and Edward D. Lazowska},
      title={Big-Data Computing: Creating revolutionary breakthroughs in commerce, science, and society},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 13},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Big\_Data.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Cyber-Physical Systems: A National Priority for Federal Investment in Infrastructure and Competitiveness

    December 22, 2008

    Janos Sztipanovits, Vanderbilt University, and John Stankovic, University of Virginia

    For citation use: Sztipanovits J. & Stankovic J. (2008). Cyber-Physical Systems: A National Priority for Federal Investment in Infrastructure and Competitiveness: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{janos sztipanovits 2008cyber,
      author={Janos Sztipanovits and John Stankovic},
      title={Cyber-Physical Systems: A National Priority for Federal Investment in Infrastructure and Competitiveness},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 12},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Cyber-Physical\_Systems.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Infrastructure for eScience and eLearning in Higher Education

    December 22, 2008

    Ed Lazowska, University of Washington, Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University, Chip Elliott, BBN Technologies, and Larry Smarr, UCSD

    For citation use: Lazowska E., Lee P., Elliott C., & Smarr L. (2008). Infrastructure for eScience and eLearning in Higher Education: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{ed lazowska2008infrastructure,
      author={Ed Lazowska, Peter Lee, Chip Elliott, and Larry Smarr},
      title={Infrastructure for eScience and eLearning in Higher Education},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 11},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Infrastructure.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • “Smart Grid”: R&D for an Intelligent 21st Century Electrical Energy Distribution Infrastructure

    December 19, 2008

    Randy H. Katz, UC Berkeley

    For citation use: Katz R. H. (2008). “Smart Grid”: R&D for an Intelligent 21^st Century Electrical Energy Distribution Infrastructure: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{r2008smart,
      author={Randy H. Katz},
      title={Smart Grid: R\&D for an Intelligent 21st Century Electrical Energy Distribution Infrastructure},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 10},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Energy\_Grid.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Information Technology R&D and U.S. Innovation

    December 18, 2008

    Peter Harsha, Computing Research Association, Ed Lazowska, University of Washington, and Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University

    For citation use: Harsha P., Lazowska E., & Lee P. (2008). Information Technology R&D and U.S. Innovation: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{peter harsha2008information,
      author={Peter Harsha, Ed Lazowska, and Peter Lee},
      title={Information Technology R\&D and U.S. Innovation},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 9},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Information\_Technology\_RD\_and\_U.S.\_Innovation-1.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Quality of Life Technology

    December 16, 2008

    Howard Wactlar, Carnegie Mellon University, and Takeo Kanade, Carnegie Mellon University

    For citation use: Wactlar H. & Kanade T. (2008). Quality of Life Technology: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{howard wactlar 2008quality,
      author={Howard Wactlar and Takeo Kanade},
      title={Quality of Life Technology},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 8},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Quality\_of\_Life\_Technology.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Innovation in Networking

    December 14, 2008

    Nick McKeown, Stanford University, Guru Parulkar, Stanford University, and Jennifer Rexford, Princeton University

    For citation use: McKeown N., Parulkar G., & Rexford J. (2008). Innovation in Networking: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{nick mckeown2008innovation,
      author={Nick McKeown, Guru Parulkar, and Jennifer Rexford},
      title={Innovation in Networking},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 7},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Networking.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Computer Architecture

    December 12, 2008

    David Patterson, University of California, Berkeley

    For citation use: Patterson D. (2008). The Future of Computer Architecture: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{david patterson2008future,
      author={David Patterson},
      title={The Future of Computer Architecture},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 6},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Computer\_Architecture.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • The Ocean Observatories Initiative

    December 12, 2008

    John Delaney, University of Washington, John Orcutt, Scripps Institute of Oceanography and Robert Weller, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

    For citation use: Delaney J., Orcutt J., & Weller R. (2008). Green Jobs in a Blue World: Measuring Change and Managing Opportunity in the World Oceans: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{john delaney2008green,
      author={John Delaney, John Orcutt, and Robert Weller},
      title={Green jobs in a blue world: Measuring change and managing opportunity in the world oceans},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 5},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/OOI.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • P4 Medicine

    December 12, 2008

    Leroy Hood, Institute for Systems Biology, and David Galas, Battelle Memorial Institute

    For citation use: Hood L. & Galas D. (2008). P4 Medicine: Personalized, Predictive, Preventive, Participatory: A Change of View that Changes Everything: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{leroy hood 2008p4,
      author={Leroy Hood and David Galas},
      title={P4 Medicine: Personalized, Predictive, Preventive, Participatory A Change of View that Changes Everything},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 4},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/P4\_Medicine.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Quantum Computing

    December 12, 2008

    Scott Aaronson, MIT, and Dave Bacon, University of Washington

    For citation use: Aaronson S. & Bacon D. (2008). Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{scott aaronson 2008quantum,
      author={Scott Aaronson and Dave Bacon},
      title={Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 3},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Quantum\_Computing.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Re-Envisioning DARPA

    December 12, 2008

    Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University and Randy H. Katz, UC Berkeley

    For citation use: Lee P. & Katz R. H. (2008). Re-Envisioning DARPA: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{peter lee 2008re,
      author={Peter Lee and Randy H. Katz},
      title={Re-Envisioning DARPA},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 2},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Re-Envisioning\_DARPA.pdf},
      note={}
    }

  • Synthetic Biology

    December 12, 2008

    Drew Endy and Ed Lazowska

    For citation use: Endy D. & Lazowska E. (2008). The Imperative of Synthetic Biology: A Proposed National Research Initiative: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]

    @techreport{drew endy 2008imperative,
      author={Drew Endy and Ed Lazowska},
      title={The Imperative of Synthetic Biology: A Proposed National Research Initiative},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2008},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={12},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Synthetic\_Biology.pdf},
      note={}
    }